New Media Knowledge Digital
NMKD is a knowledge-sharing center for businesses and individuals working in
digital media. We aim to bring together people, opinions and ideas for the
benefit of the industry.
The Knowledge Sharing Effort (KSE) was initiated in 1990 by the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency, an agency of the United States Department of Defense.
It enjoyed the participation of dozens of researchers from both academia and
industry. Its goal was to develop techniques, methodologies and software tools
for knowledge sharing and knowledge reuse, at design, implementation, or
execution time. The central concept of the KSE was that knowledge sharing
requires communication, which in turn, requires a common language; the KSE
focused on defining that common language. In the KSE model, software systems are
viewed as (virtual) knowledge bases that exchange propositions using a language
that expresses various complex attitudes (e.g., believing, asserting, wondering,
desiring, etc.) about these propositions.
Although software agents were not part of the original KSE vocabulary the
conceptual break-down of the "common language problem" was quickly recognized as
applicable to the multiagent systems paradigm. Expressions in a given agent's
native language should be understood by some other agent that uses a different
implementation language and domain assumptions. So, the first layer is that of
(syntactic) translation between languages in the same family (or between
families) of languages. Another layer is concerned with guaranteeing that the
semantic content of tokens is preserved among applications; in other words, the
same concept, object, or entity has a uniform meaning across applications even
if different "names" are used to refer to it. Every agent incorporates some view
of the domain (and the domain knowledge) it applies to. The technical term for
this body of "background" knowledge is ontology.
A final layer addresses the communication between agents. This is not about
transporting bits and bytes between agents; agents should be able to communicate
complex "attitudes" about their information and knowledge content. Agents need
to ask other agents, to inform them, to request their services for a task, to
find other agents who can assist them, to monitor values and objects, and so on.
Such functionality, in an open environment, can not be provided by a simple
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) mechanism. Agents issue requests by specifying not a
procedure but a desired state in a declarative language, i.e., in some Agent
Communication Language. The KSE developed KQML, the Knowledge Quey and
Manipulation Language, as a standard for peer to peer communication.
Within the KSE, these layers were viewed as independent of another. The ACL is
only concerned with capturing propositional attitudes, regardless of how
propositions are expressed. But still, propositions are what agents will be
"talking" about. KIF, a particular logic language, was proposed within the KSE
as a standard to use to describe things within computer systems, e.g., expert
systems, databases, intelligent agents, etc. Moreover, it was specifically
designed, within the context of the KSE, to make it useful as an interlingua.
KIF is a prefix version of first order predicate calculus with extensions to
support non-monotonic reasoning and definitions. The language description
includes both a specification for its syntax and one for its semantics.
Ontolingua and a variety of supporting tools, was the KSE "solution" to the
problem of developing and maintaining ontologies. Researchers at Stanford's
Knowledge Systems Laboratory developed a set of tools and services to support
the process of achieving consensus on common shared ontologies by geographically
distributed groups. These tools were built around Ontolingua, a language
designed for describing ontologies with it, and make use of the world-wide web
to enable wide access and provide users with the ability to publish, browse,
create, and edit ontologies stored on an ontology server.
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more than one million paid member accounts, RuneScape is rated among the most
popular online games in the world. More than five million unique players access
their accounts to play RuneScape at least once per month. RuneScape offers both
free and subscription content and is designed to be accessible from any location
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character representations of themselves. As with most massive multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPG), there is no overall objective or end to the game.
Players explore, form alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for
rewards and to build character's skills.
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RuneScape takes place in the fantasy-themed realm of Gielinor, which is divided
into several different kingdoms, regions, and areas. Players can travel
throughout the gaming world on foot, by using magical teleportation spells or
devices, or mechanical means of transportation. Each region offers different
types of monsters, materials, and quests to challenge players. Players are shown
on the screen as customisable avatars. They set their own goals and objectives,
deciding which of the available activities to pursue. There is no linear path
that must be followed. Players can engage in combat with other players or with
monsters, complete quests, or increase their experience in any of the available
skills. Players interact with each other through trading, chatting, or playing
combative or cooperative mini-games.
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